Code | Taxon | Vernacular | Individuals |
14 | Hepialus humuli | Ghost Moth | 7 |
15 | Hepialus sylvina | Orange Swift | 90 |
17 | Hepialus lupulinus | Common Swift | 360 |
161 | Zeuzera pyrina | Leopard Moth | 3 |
424 | Yponomeuta evonymella | Bird-cherry Ermine | 14 |
428 | Yponomeuta rorrella | Willow Ermine | 1 |
453 | Ypsolopha dentella | Honeysuckle Moth | 2 |
455 | Ypsolopha scabrella | | 8 |
464 | Plutella xylostella | Diamond-back Moth | 19 |
647 | Hofmannophila pseudospretella | Brown House Moth | 13 |
648 | Endrosis sarcitrella | White-shouldered House Moth | 2 |
663 | Diurnea fagella | | 1 |
719 | Ethmia quadrillella | | 1 |
720 | Ethmia bipunctella | | 1 |
874 | Blastobasis decolorella | | 6 |
937 | Agapeta hamana | | 16 |
966 | Cochylis atricapitana | | 1 |
970 | Pandemis cerasana | Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix | 2 |
977 | Archips podana | Large Fruit-tree Tortrix | 2 |
998 | Epiphyas postvittana | Light Brown Apple Moth | 92 |
1001 | Lozotaeniodes formosanus | | 8 |
1002 | Lozotaenia forsterana | | 2 |
1011 | Pseudargyrotoza conwagana | | 5 |
1032 | Aleimma loeflingiana | | 10 |
1033 | Tortrix viridana | Green Oak Tortrix | 24 |
1036 | Acleris forsskaleana | | 1 |
1063 | Celypha striana | | 43 |
1076 | Celypha lacunana | | 2 |
1082 | Hedya pruniana | Plum Tortrix | 2 |
1174 | Epiblema cynosbatella | | 7 |
1175 | Epiblema uddmanniana | Bramble Shoot Moth | 2 |
1201 | Eucosma cana | | 3 |
1261 | Cydia pomonella | Codling Moth | 2 |
1288 | Alucita hexadactyla | Twenty-plume Moth | 14 |
1292 | Calamotropha paludella | | 1 |
1293 | Chrysoteuchia culmella | Garden Grass-veneer | 134 |
1294 | Crambus pascuella | | 6 |
1301 | Crambus lathoniellus | | 5 |
1302 | Crambus perlella | | 26 |
1304 | Agriphila straminella | | 1 |
1305 | Agriphila tristella | | 5 |
1328 | Schoenobius gigantella | | 1 |
1332 | Scoparia subfusca | | 2 |
1333 | Scoparia pyralella | | 2 |
1334 | Scoparia ambigualis | | 4 |
1338 | Dipleurina lacustrata | | 2 |
1342 | Eudonia angustea | | 3 |
1344 | Eudonia mercurella | | 11 |
1348 | Parapoynx stratiotata | Ringed China-mark | 1 |
1356 | Evergestis forficalis | Garden Pebble | 21 |
1356a | Evergestis limbata | | 4 |
1357 | Evergestis extimalis | | 1 |
1361 | Pyrausta aurata | | 3 |
1362 | Pyrausta purpuralis | | 1 |
1365 | Pyrausta despicata | | 2 |
1366 | Pyrausta nigrata | | 1 |
1375 | Ostrinia nubilalis | European Corn Borer | 4 |
1376 | Eurrhypara hortulata | Small Magpie | 101 |
1378 | Phlyctaenia coronata | | 33 |
1392 | Udea olivalis | | 2 |
1395 | Udea ferrugalis | Rusty-dot Pearl | 21 |
1398 | Nomophila noctuella | Rush Veneer | 39 |
1399 | Dolicharthria punctalis | | 2 |
1405 | Pleuroptya ruralis | Mother of Pearl | 23 |
1408 | Palpita vitrealis | | 1 |
1413 | Hypsopygia costalis | Gold Triangle | 2 |
1415 | Orthopygia glaucinalis | | 18 |
1417 | Pyralis farinalis | Meal Moth | 10 |
1421 | Aglossa pinguinalis | Large Tabby | 1 |
1424 | Endotricha flammealis | | 78 |
1425 | Galleria mellonella | Wax Moth | 5 |
1428 | Aphomia sociella | Bee Moth | 50 |
1436 | Conobathra repandana | | 2 |
1438 | Trachycera suavella | | 5 |
1441 | Oncocera semirubella | | 3 |
1443 | Pempelia genistella | | 1 |
1444 | Pempelia obductella | | 1 |
1449 | Elegia similella | | 1 |
1452 | Phycita roborella | | 2 |
1458 | Myelois circumvoluta | Thistle Ermine | 15 |
1465 | Nephopterix angustella | | 3 |
1470 | Euzophera pinguis | | 2 |
1479 | Plodia interpunctella | Indian Meal Moth | 1 |
1481 | Homoeosoma sinuella | | 3 |
1483 | Phycitodes binaevella | | 1 |
1495 | Marasmarcha lunaedactyla | | 1 |
1497 | Amblyptilia acanthadactyla | | 1 |
1503 | Platyptilia ochrodactyla | | 1 |
1504 | Platyptilia pallidactyla | | 1 |
1524 | Emmelina monodactyla | | 17 |
1637 | Lasiocampa quercus | Oak Eggar | 6 |
1640 | Euthrix potatoria | Drinker | 2 |
1646 | Watsonalla binaria | Oak Hook-tip | 3 |
1651 | Cilix glaucata | Chinese Character | 18 |
1653 | Habrosyne pyritoides | Buff Arches | 62 |
1654 | Tethea ocularis | Figure of Eighty | 1 |
1663 | Alsophila aescularia | March Moth | 12 |
1669 | Hemithea aestivaria | Common Emerald | 8 |
1673 | Hemistola chrysoprasaria | Small Emerald | 5 |
1680 | Cyclophora punctaria | Maiden's Blush | 1 |
1682 | Timandra comae | Blood-vein | 5 |
1689 | Scopula marginepunctata | Mullein Wave | 6 |
1690 | Scopula imitaria | Small Blood-vein | 18 |
1699 | Idaea rusticata atrosignaria | Least Carpet | 25 |
1702 | Idaea biselata | Small Fan-footed Wave | 42 |
1705 | Idaea fuscovenosa | Dwarf Cream Wave | 6 |
1707 | Idaea seriata | Small Dusty Wave | 10 |
1708 | Idaea dimidiata | Single-dotted Wave | 38 |
1709 | Idaea subsericeata | Satin Wave | 2 |
1711 | Idaea trigeminata | Treble Brown Spot | 16 |
1712 | Idaea emarginata | Small Scallop | 1 |
1713 | Idaea aversata | Riband Wave | 347 |
1724 | Xanthorhoe spadicearia | Red Twin-spot Carpet | 20 |
1725 | Xanthorhoe ferrugata | Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet | 2 |
1727 | Xanthorhoe montanata | Silver-ground Carpet | 3 |
1728 | Xanthorhoe fluctuata | Garden Carpet | 25 |
1731 | Scotopteryx bipunctaria | Chalk Carpet | 3 |
1734 | Scotopteryx luridata | July Belle | 1 |
1735 | Catarhoe rubidata | Ruddy Carpet | 4 |
1738 | Epirrhoe alternata | Common Carpet | 15 |
1739 | Epirrhoe rivata | Wood Carpet | 8 |
1740 | Epirrhoe galiata | Galium Carpet | 2 |
1742 | Camptogramma bilineata | Yellow Shell | 17 |
1745 | Larentia clavaria | Mallow | 1 |
1746 | Anticlea badiata | Shoulder Stripe | 2 |
1747 | Anticlea derivata | Streamer | 1 |
1752 | Cosmorhoe ocellata | Purple Bar | 4 |
1758 | Eulithis pyraliata | Barred Straw | 52 |
1759 | Ecliptopera silaceata | Small Phoenix | 1 |
1760 | Chloroclysta siterata | Red-green Carpet | 2 |
1764 | Chloroclysta truncata | Common Marbled Carpet | 49 |
1765 | Cidaria fulvata | Barred Yellow | 5 |
1767 | Thera firmata | Pine Carpet | 5 |
1768 | Thera obeliscata | Grey Pine Carpet | 1 |
1769 | Thera britannica | Spruce Carpet | 5 |
1773 | Electrophaes corylata | Broken-barred Carpet | 1 |
1776 | Colostygia pectinataria | Green Carpet | 9 |
1777 | Hydriomena furcata | July Highflyer | 22 |
1781 | Horisme vitalbata | Small Waved Umber | 4 |
1782 | Horisme tersata | Fern | 4 |
1784 | Melanthia procellata | Pretty Chalk Carpet | 3 |
1788 | Rheumaptera cervinalis | Scarce Tissue | 1 |
1791 | Philereme vetulata | Brown Scallop | 1 |
1803 | Perizoma alchemillata | Small Rivulet | 2 |
1804 | Perizoma bifaciata | Barred Rivulet | 28 |
1807 | Perizoma albulata | Grass Rivulet | 2 |
1816 | Eupithecia linariata | Toadflax Pug | 3 |
1819 | Eupithecia exiguata | Mottled Pug | 30 |
1823 | Eupithecia venosata | Netted Pug | 2 |
1825 | Eupithecia centaureata | Lime-speck Pug | 32 |
1827 | Eupithecia intricata | Freyer's Pug | 7 |
1830 | Eupithecia absinthiata | Wormwood Pug | 2 |
1834 | Eupithecia vulgata | Common Pug | 19 |
1835 | Eupithecia tripunctaria | White-spotted Pug | 13 |
1837 | Eupithecia subfuscata | Grey Pug | 6 |
1840 | Eupithecia subumbrata | Shaded Pug | 1 |
1844 | Eupithecia indigata | Ochreous Pug | 1 |
1853 | Eupithecia dodoneata | Oak-tree Pug | 7 |
1855 | Eupithecia phoeniceata | Cypress Pug | 1 |
1858 | Chloroclystis v-ata | V-Pug | 55 |
1860 | Pasiphila rectangulata | Green Pug | 44 |
1862 | Gymnoscelis rufifasciata | Double-striped Pug | 50 |
1867 | Aplocera plagiata | Treble-bar | 2 |
1876 | Hydrelia flammeolaria | Small Yellow Wave | 7 |
1883 | Acasis viretata | Yellow-barred Brindle | 6 |
1884 | Abraxas grossulariata | Magpie Moth | 7 |
1887 | Lomaspilis marginata | Clouded Border | 6 |
1888 | Ligdia adustata | Scorched Carpet | 5 |
1893 | Macaria liturata | Tawny-barred Angle | 3 |
1894 | Chiasmia clathrata | Latticed Heath | 1 |
1896 | Itame brunneata | Rannoch Looper | 6 |
1902 | Petrophora chlorosata | Brown Silver-line | 1 |
1904 | Plagodis dolabraria | Scorched Wing | 3 |
1906 | Opisthograptis luteolata | Brimstone Moth | 103 |
1910 | Apeira syringaria | Lilac Beauty | 4 |
1911 | Ennomos autumnaria | Large Thorn | 3 |
1912 | Ennomos quercinaria | August Thorn | 1 |
1913 | Ennomos alniaria | Canary-shouldered Thorn | 2 |
1914 | Ennomos fuscantaria | Dusky Thorn | 9 |
1917 | Selenia dentaria | Early Thorn | 6 |
1920 | Odontopera bidentata | Scalloped Hazel | 4 |
1921 | Crocallis elinguaria | Scalloped Oak | 84 |
1922 | Ourapteryx sambucaria | Swallow-tailed Moth | 34 |
1930 | Biston strataria | Oak Beauty | 8 |
1931 | Biston betularia | Peppered Moth | 110 |
1936 | Menophra abruptaria | Waved Umber | 13 |
1937 | Peribatodes rhomboidaria | Willow Beauty | 134 |
1941 | Alcis repandata | Mottled Beauty | 165 |
1944 | Hypomecis punctinalis | Pale Oak Beauty | 3 |
1947 | Ectropis bistortata | Engrailed | 17 |
1955 | Cabera pusaria | Common White Wave | 1 |
1956 | Cabera exanthemata | Common Wave | 1 |
1957 | Lomographa bimaculata | White-pinion Spotted | 3 |
1958 | Lomographa temerata | Clouded Silver | 162 |
1961 | Campaea margaritata | Light Emerald | 41 |
1976 | Sphinx ligustri | Privet Hawk-moth | 24 |
1980 | Smerinthus ocellata | Eyed Hawk-moth | 3 |
1981 | Laothoe populi | Poplar Hawk-moth | 20 |
1984 | Macroglossum stellatarum | Humming-bird Hawk-moth | 2 |
1991 | Deilephila elpenor | Elephant Hawk-moth | 180 |
1992 | Deilephila porcellus | Small Elephant Hawk-moth | 19 |
1994 | Phalera bucephala | Buff-tip | 45 |
1999 | Stauropus fagi | Lobster Moth | 2 |
2000 | Notodonta dromedarius | Iron Prominent | 8 |
2003 | Notodonta ziczac | Pebble Prominent | 8 |
2006 | Pheosia gnoma | Lesser Swallow Prominent | 2 |
2007 | Pheosia tremula | Swallow Prominent | 15 |
2008 | Ptilodon capucina | Coxcomb Prominent | 2 |
2009 | Ptilodon cucullina | Maple Prominent | 10 |
2011 | Pterostoma palpina | Pale Prominent | 2 |
2015 | Drymonia ruficornis | Lunar Marbled Brown | 1 |
2019 | Clostera curtula | Chocolate-tip | 3 |
2028 | Calliteara pudibunda | Pale Tussock | 26 |
2029 | Euproctis chrysorrhoea | Brown-tail | 211 |
2030 | Euproctis similis | Yellow-tail | 38 |
2037 | Miltochrista miniata | Rosy Footman | 2 |
2039 | Atolmis rubricollis | Red-necked Footman | 2 |
2043 | Eilema sororcula | Orange Footman | 13 |
2044 | Eilema griseola | Dingy Footman | 24 |
2047 | Eilema complana | Scarce Footman | 72 |
2049 | Eilema depressa | Buff Footman | 12 |
2050 | Eilema lurideola | Common Footman | 681 |
2051 | Lithosia quadra | Four-spotted Footman | 1 |
2060 | Spilosoma lubricipeda | White Ermine | 50 |
2061 | Spilosoma luteum | Buff Ermine | 182 |
2063 | Diaphora mendica | Muslin Moth | 21 |
2064 | Phragmatobia fuliginosa | Ruby Tiger | 19 |
2067 | Euplagia quadripunctaria | Jersey Tiger | 1 |
2069 | Tyria jacobaeae | Cinnabar | 2 |
2076 | Meganola albula | Kent Black Arches | 1 |
2077 | Nola cucullatella | Short-cloaked Moth | 7 |
2078 | Nola confusalis | Least Black Arches | 7 |
2081 | Euxoa tritici | White-line Dart | 3 |
2087 | Agrotis segetum | Turnip Moth | 1040 |
2088 | Agrotis clavis | Heart and Club | 687 |
2089 | Agrotis exclamationis | Heart and Dart | 1682 |
2091 | Agrotis ipsilon | Dark Sword-grass | 40 |
2092 | Agrotis puta | Shuttle-shaped Dart | 598 |
2098 | Axylia putris | Flame | 285 |
2102 | Ochropleura plecta | Flame Shoulder | 40 |
2107 | Noctua pronuba | Large Yellow Underwing | 2049 |
2109 | Noctua comes | Lesser Yellow Underwing | 213 |
2110 | Noctua fimbriata | Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing | 36 |
2110a | Noctua janthina | Langmaid's Yellow Underwing | 13 |
2111 | Noctua janthe | Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing | 458 |
2112 | Noctua interjecta | Least Yellow Underwing | 12 |
2117 | Eugnorisma glareosa | Autumnal Rustic | 2 |
2126 | Xestia c-nigrum | Setaceous Hebrew Character | 1186 |
2128 | Xestia triangulum | Double Square-spot | 359 |
2134 | Xestia xanthographa | Square-spot Rustic | 148 |
2145 | Discestra trifolii | Nutmeg | 12 |
2147 | Hada plebeja | Shears | 53 |
2154 | Mamestra brassicae | Cabbage Moth | 126 |
2155 | Melanchra persicariae | Dot Moth | 62 |
2159 | Lacanobia suasa | Dog's Tooth | 2 |
2159a | Lacanobia splendens | Splendid Brocade | 2 |
2160 | Lacanobia oleracea | Bright-line Brown-eye | 61 |
2164 | Hecatera bicolorata | Broad-barred White | 8 |
2166 | Hadena rivularis | Campion | 10 |
2167 | Hadena perplexa | Tawny Shears | 1 |
2170 | Hadena compta | Varied Coronet | 7 |
2173 | Hadena bicruris | Lychnis | 3 |
2178 | Tholera decimalis | Feathered Gothic | 5 |
2179 | Panolis flammea | Pine Beauty | 3 |
2182 | Orthosia cruda | Small Quaker | 41 |
2186 | Orthosia gracilis | Powdered Quaker | 14 |
2187 | Orthosia cerasi | Common Quaker | 330 |
2188 | Orthosia incerta | Clouded Drab | 64 |
2189 | Orthosia munda | Twin-spotted Quaker | 6 |
2190 | Orthosia gothica | Hebrew Character | 333 |
2193 | Mythimna ferrago | Clay | 44 |
2194 | Mythimna albipuncta | White-point | 61 |
2195 | Mythimna vitellina | Delicate | 8 |
2198 | Mythimna impura | Smoky Wainscot | 15 |
2199 | Mythimna pallens | Common Wainscot | 75 |
2202 | Mythimna l-album | L-album Wainscot | 14 |
2204 | Mythimna obsoleta | Obscure Wainscot | 1 |
2205 | Mythimna comma | Shoulder-striped Wainscot | 1 |
2214 | Cucullia chamomillae | Chamomile Shark | 1 |
2216 | Cucullia umbratica | Shark | 4 |
2221 | Shargacucullia verbasci | Mullein | 1 |
2223 | Calophasia lunula | Toadflax Brocade | 1 |
2232 | Aporophyla nigra | Black Rustic | 34 |
2236 | Lithophane hepatica | Pale Pinion | 2 |
2240 | Lithophane leautieri | Blair's Shoulder-knot | 21 |
2243 | Xylocampa areola | Early Grey | 64 |
2245 | Allophyes oxyacanthae | Green-brindled Crescent | 1 |
2248 | Dryobotodes eremita | Brindled Green | 2 |
2255 | Polymixis lichenea | Feathered Ranunculus | 43 |
2256 | Eupsilia transversa | Satellite | 2 |
2258 | Conistra vaccinii | Chestnut | 2 |
2264 | Agrochola macilenta | Yellow-line Quaker | 4 |
2267 | Agrochola lychnidis | Beaded Chestnut | 17 |
2269 | Atethmia centrago | Centre-barred Sallow | 87 |
2270 | Omphaloscelis lunosa | Lunar Underwing | 141 |
2272 | Xanthia aurago | Barred Sallow | 2 |
2274 | Xanthia icteritia | Sallow | 4 |
2276 | Xanthia ocellaris | Pale-lemon Sallow | 1 |
2278 | Acronicta megacephala | Poplar Grey | 22 |
2279 | Acronicta aceris | Sycamore | 36 |
2280 | Acronicta leporina | Miller | 5 |
2284x | Acronicta tridens/psi | Grey Dagger / Dark Dagger | 78 |
2289 | Acronicta rumicis | Knot Grass | 32 |
2290 | Simyra albovenosa | Reed Dagger | 1 |
2291 | Craniophora ligustri | Coronet | 65 |
2292 | Cryphia algae | Tree-lichen Beauty | 3 |
2293 | Cryphia domestica | Marbled Beauty | 3 |
2295 | Cryphia muralis | Marbled Green | 36 |
2297 | Amphipyra pyramidea | Copper Underwing | 54 |
2298 | Amphipyra berbera | Svensson's Copper Underwing | 3 |
2299 | Amphipyra tragopoginis | Mouse Moth | 147 |
2300 | Mormo maura | Old Lady | 5 |
2302 | Rusina ferruginea | Brown Rustic | 7 |
2303 | Thalpophila matura | Straw Underwing | 6 |
2306 | Phlogophora meticulosa | Angle Shades | 18 |
2318 | Cosmia trapezina | Dun-bar | 94 |
2319 | Cosmia pyralina | Lunar-spotted Pinion | 8 |
2321 | Apamea monoglypha | Dark Arches | 1328 |
2322 | Apamea lithoxylaea | Light Arches | 83 |
2323 | Apamea sublustris | Reddish Light Arches | 11 |
2327 | Apamea epomidion | Clouded Brindle | 3 |
2330 | Apamea remissa | Dusky Brocade | 5 |
2334 | Apamea sordens | Rustic Shoulder-knot | 33 |
2337 | Oligia strigilis | Marbled Minor | 27 |
2337x | Oligia strigilis agg. | Marbled Minor agg. | 76 |
2339 | Oligia latruncula | Tawny Marbled Minor | 41 |
2341 | Mesoligia furuncula | Cloaked Minor | 2 |
2342 | Mesoligia literosa | Rosy Minor | 1 |
2343 | Mesapamea secalis | Common Rustic | 606 |
2345 | Photedes minima | Small Dotted Buff | 1 |
2349 | Chortodes fluxa | Mere Wainscot | 2 |
2350 | Chortodes pygmina | Small Wainscot | 3 |
2352 | Eremobia ochroleuca | Dusky Sallow | 39 |
2353 | Luperina testacea | Flounced Rustic | 300 |
2361 | Hydraecia micacea | Rosy Rustic | 12 |
2373 | Archanara sparganii | Webb's Wainscot | 1 |
2375 | Rhizedra lutosa | Large Wainscot | 7 |
2380 | Charanyca trigrammica | Treble Lines | 135 |
2381 | Hoplodrina alsines | Uncertain | 655 |
2382 | Hoplodrina blanda | Rustic | 617 |
2384 | Hoplodrina ambigua | Vine's Rustic | 1004 |
2385 | Spodoptera exigua | Small Mottled Willow | 1 |
2387 | Caradrina morpheus | Mottled Rustic | 235 |
2387a | Platyperigea kadenii | Clancy's Rustic | 5 |
2389 | Paradrina clavipalpis | Pale Mottled Willow | 75 |
2399 | Pyrrhia umbra | Bordered Sallow | 1 |
2410 | Protodeltote pygarga | Marbled White Spot | 4 |
2418 | Earias clorana | Cream-bordered Green Pea | 1 |
2422 | Pseudoips prasinana | Green Silver-lines | 9 |
2425 | Colocasia coryli | Nut-tree Tussock | 7 |
2434 | Diachrysia chrysitis | Burnished Brass | 4 |
2439 | Plusia festucae | Gold Spot | 2 |
2441 | Autographa gamma | Silver Y | 568 |
2443 | Autographa jota | Plain Golden Y | 3 |
2450 | Abrostola tripartita | Spectacle | 10 |
2452 | Catocala nupta | Red Underwing | 1 |
2466 | Lygephila pastinum | Blackneck | 1 |
2469 | Scoliopteryx libatrix | Herald | 1 |
2474 | Rivula sericealis | Straw Dot | 2 |
2477 | Hypena proboscidalis | Snout | 34 |
2489 | Zanclognatha tarsipennalis | Fan-foot | 12 |
Total | moths | caught | 22577 |
Mothing at St Margaret's
Most of the Moth lists and Photographs are from my garden (TR359450) in the village of St Margaret's at Cliffe in Kent. It is situated about 1Km from the sea and has farmland with in 100 metres. The garden is well shrubbed and about 1600 sq metres. I normally run a 125 MV lamp and a 15W actinic light over-night and once the season gets going a couple of other traps. At the moment both are 25W black Lamps. previously I used a 160W blended lamp in one of them. All traps are home made. Trapping dates refer to the date the trap was put out.
I try and identify all the Macro Moths, with the micros I am not at all systematic, I do more than I used to with the help of the new book, but there are some that do get through.
Trap Update in 2017. A new 125W MV Robinson was added to a 125W MV Skinner, 15W Actinic Skinner, two 80W MV Morris modified Skinners and a 80W MVMorris Box trap.
Traps are now (2020 onwards) 2x 125W Robinsons, 2x 80W Skinner type and 1x 15W Actinic strip light on a Skinner type .
I try and identify all the Macro Moths, with the micros I am not at all systematic, I do more than I used to with the help of the new book, but there are some that do get through.
Friday, 31 December 2010
Moths Caught in 2010
Mothing took place on 181 dates, between Mar 13th to Oct 13th. A 125w MV, a 15W Actinic trap and 2 Black bulbs. On occasions I used a 15w Black bulbwhile waiting for new 25W replacements. All traps home made, loosely based on the Skinner type.
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